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נראה כאילו יש קשר הפוך (ותלוי תזמון) בין מילוי/פיצוי יסף של גליקוגן אחרי אימון לבין רגישות לאינסולין ושאר תופעות חיוביות שקורות בשעות שאחרי האימון. כנראה קשור גם לעוד כמה דברים שכבר ידענו, כמו שפחמימות מכניסות חומצות אמינו אל תוך התא, מה שגורם לדילול שלהן בדם וכתוצאה גירוי מופחת של הקולטנים בהתאם.
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1
Post Exercise Carbohydrates Are Counter Productive
There is no doubt that the timing protein nutrition after exercise is crucial for increasing skeletal muscle protein synthesis and an overall net balance.1 Exercise provides an adaptive response so that the body is able to make use of any nutrition supplied post exercise.
Nutrient intake on its own provides a storage response so that if one is fed or receives an infusion of mixed amino acids after a fasted period, protein synthesis increases, whereas protein breakdown remains the same or decreases slightly, which is different from the response after exercise.
Without nutrient intake after exercise protein synthesis and protein breakdown are increased but net balance does not become positive as it does after amino acid intake after fasting. Because of the exercise stimulus, when amino acids are provided after exercise protein synthesis increases more than what normally occurs after exercise or AA feeding alone, and protein breakdown remains similar to exercise without feeding. Thus the provision of AA enhance
protein synthesis and leads to a positive net protein balance and an overall increase in protein accretion.2
protein synthesis and leads to a positive net protein balance and an overall increase in protein accretion.2
In addition, while the increase in protein synthesis after feeding is a transient storage phenomenon, physical exercise stimulates a longer-term adaptive response. Providing nutrition after physical activity takes advantage of the anabolic signaling pathways that physical activity has initiated by providing amino acid building blocks and energy for protein synthesis.
Glycogen compensation and super compensation (after glycogen depleting exercise) after exercise requires a substantial carbohydrate load that results in a quick and large increase in glycogen levels in both liver and skeletal muscles. Once the stores are full, or even super full, the stimulus declines dramatically. However, if no carbohydrates are given post exercise the
muscle will maintain a capacity to fully compensate or supercompensate glycogen until enough carbs are either available through the diet or by gluconeogenesis to fill the glycogen stores as much as possible.3
muscle will maintain a capacity to fully compensate or supercompensate glycogen until enough carbs are either available through the diet or by gluconeogenesis to fill the glycogen stores as much as possible.3
Overemphasis on Post Exercise Carbohydrate Intake
Because of the over-emphasis placed on maintaining glycogen stores to maximize exercise performance, much of the research has centered around the effects of post exercise carbs, and post exercise carbs combined with protein,4 and the effects these have on glucose transporters
(GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4), glucose metabolism, including levels of exokinase and glycogen synthase, and insulin,5,6 there‘s not much out there dealing with just the use of protein and fat after exercise.
Because of the over-emphasis placed on maintaining glycogen stores to maximize exercise performance, much of the research has centered around the effects of post exercise carbs, and post exercise carbs combined with protein,4 and the effects these have on glucose transporters
(GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4), glucose metabolism, including levels of exokinase and glycogen synthase, and insulin,5,6 there‘s not much out there dealing with just the use of protein and fat after exercise.
The usual advice is that carbs, with some protein thrown in, are a necessary part of post exercise nutrition regardless of diet that you‘re following, including a low carb diet.7,8,9,10,11 However, that‘s not true. In fact the use of carbs post training can be counter productive and eliminating post training carbs can have added anabolic and fat burning effects.
That‘s because the intake of carbs after exercise blunts the post exercise insulin sensitivity. That means that once muscle has loaded up on glycogen, which it does pretty quickly on carbs, insulin sensitivity decreases dramatically.
This statement runs counter to present thinking and research about post exercise nutrition. As such, let‘s take it step by step so that I can make my reasons for the above statements clear and easier to understand.
That‘s because the intake of carbs after exercise blunts the post exercise insulin sensitivity. That means that once muscle has loaded up on glycogen, which it does pretty quickly on carbs, insulin sensitivity decreases dramatically.
This statement runs counter to present thinking and research about post exercise nutrition. As such, let‘s take it step by step so that I can make my reasons for the above statements clear and easier to understand.
Muscle Glycogen and Insulin Action
First of all it‘s well known that a single session of exercise increases insulin sensitivity for hours and even days.12, 13
It‘s also known that bouts of resistance and endurance exercise result in a significant decrease in glycogen and that total energy content and CHO content are important in the resynthesis of muscle and liver glycogen.14
First of all it‘s well known that a single session of exercise increases insulin sensitivity for hours and even days.12, 13
It‘s also known that bouts of resistance and endurance exercise result in a significant decrease in glycogen and that total energy content and CHO content are important in the resynthesis of muscle and liver glycogen.14
Glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis are enhanced in the presence of insulin following an acute exercise bout that lowers the muscle glycogen concentration and activates glycogen synthase.15, 16
Muscle glycogen concentration dictates much of this acute increase in insulin sensitivity after exercise.17 Therefore, an increased availability of dietary carbohydrate in the hours after exercise and the resultant increase in muscle glycogen resynthesis reverses the exercise induced increase in insulin sensitivity.18
Dissociation of Insulin‘s Effects on Glucose and Protein Metabolism
Along with glucose uptake, amino acid uptake and protein synthesis also increase. As well, the use of fatty acids as a primary fuel also rises after exercise since glycogen resynthesis takes priority over the use of glucose for aerobic energy. However, as liver and muscle glycogen levels get replenished, insulin sensitivity decreases, as does amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and the use of fatty acids as a primary fuel.
Along with glucose uptake, amino acid uptake and protein synthesis also increase. As well, the use of fatty acids as a primary fuel also rises after exercise since glycogen resynthesis takes priority over the use of glucose for aerobic energy. However, as liver and muscle glycogen levels get replenished, insulin sensitivity decreases, as does amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and the use of fatty acids as a primary fuel.
By increasing insulin levels and not providing carbs you shunt your body‘s metabolism to the use of more fatty acids for energy while at the same time keeping muscle glycogen levels below saturation and amino acid influx and protein synthesis elevated for a prolonged period of time post exercise. In essence by limiting glycogen synthesis you prolong the beneficial effects of
insulin on protein synthesis and degradation and decrease the dampening effects of insulin on fatty acid breakdown and oxidation.
insulin on protein synthesis and degradation and decrease the dampening effects of insulin on fatty acid breakdown and oxidation.
At the same time although you delay glycogen synthesis
you still maintain the capacity for rapidly increasing glycogen stores once you increase your carb intake. This increased capacity for glycogen synthesis, and everything that goes with it, can persist for several days if the muscle glycogen concentration is maintained below normal levels by
carbohydrate restriction. By keeping carbs low and protein and energy high after training, you can increase protein synthesis over a prolonged period of time and get long term anabolic effect.19
you still maintain the capacity for rapidly increasing glycogen stores once you increase your carb intake. This increased capacity for glycogen synthesis, and everything that goes with it, can persist for several days if the muscle glycogen concentration is maintained below normal levels by
carbohydrate restriction. By keeping carbs low and protein and energy high after training, you can increase protein synthesis over a prolonged period of time and get long term anabolic effect.19
A recent study looked at the effects of post training carbohydrate deficit while keeping calorie intake constant, on insulin action and on fat oxidation. The study showed that carbohydrate deficit post exercise resulted in increased fat oxidation and enhanced insulin action. The enhanced insulin action was proportional to the degree of carbohydrate deficit – i.e. the further
the post exercise carbs were decreased, the greater the insulin action.20
the post exercise carbs were decreased, the greater the insulin action.20
Insulin and Nutrient Delivery to Skeletal Muscle
As mentioned above in the discussion on insulin, we‘ve seen that one of insulin‘s actions is to increase microvascular (nutritive) perfusion of muscle, which is enhanced by exercise.21,22 This enhancement is crucial to maximizing the anabolic effects of exercise and targeted nutrition.
As mentioned above in the discussion on insulin, we‘ve seen that one of insulin‘s actions is to increase microvascular (nutritive) perfusion of muscle, which is enhanced by exercise.21,22 This enhancement is crucial to maximizing the anabolic effects of exercise and targeted nutrition.
For example a review looked at the effects of insulin on the vascular system and on nutrient delivery to muscle.23 The paper points out the fact that that there are two flow routes in muscle: one in intimate contact with the muscle cells (myocytes) and able to exchange nutrients and hormones freely and thus regarded as nutritive, and a second with essentially no contact with
myocytes and regarded as nonnutritive (felt to provide blood to muscle connective tissue and adjacent fat cells, but not muscle cells).
myocytes and regarded as nonnutritive (felt to provide blood to muscle connective tissue and adjacent fat cells, but not muscle cells).
The point to take home here is that in the absence of increases in bulk flow to muscle, say after a training session, insulin may act to switch flow from nonnutritive to the nutritive route. This capillary recruitment results in an increase in nutritive blood flow so that muscles that have been
stressed and are undergoing an adaptive response will have what they need to recover and grow.
stressed and are undergoing an adaptive response will have what they need to recover and grow.
Summary
This information is another piece of the anabolic puzzle. Putting it all together can give us ways to dramatically improve body composition – increase muscle mass and decrease body fat. In my view, the best way to do this is to figure out ways to increase the potent anabolic effects of insulin, both on nutritive delivery to the muscle cells and into the muscle cells, while at the same
time minimizing the undesirable effects on body fat
.
One of these ways is to increase insulin in a pulsed manner along with an increase in amino acid availability, but minimal carbs, at the times when the body is primed for growth and repair, for example in that window of opportunity that exists for several hours after training. It would
also be desirable to maintain elevated androgen levels, and increase growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels at the same time as insulin, in order to further enhance
This information is another piece of the anabolic puzzle. Putting it all together can give us ways to dramatically improve body composition – increase muscle mass and decrease body fat. In my view, the best way to do this is to figure out ways to increase the potent anabolic effects of insulin, both on nutritive delivery to the muscle cells and into the muscle cells, while at the same
time minimizing the undesirable effects on body fat
.
One of these ways is to increase insulin in a pulsed manner along with an increase in amino acid availability, but minimal carbs, at the times when the body is primed for growth and repair, for example in that window of opportunity that exists for several hours after training. It would
also be desirable to maintain elevated androgen levels, and increase growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels at the same time as insulin, in order to further enhance
the anabolic effects of insulin and decrease, and actually reverse, the undesirable effects of insulin on fat metabolism.
The bottom line is that the key to maximizing body composition, and to increase performance in fat adapted athletes is to keep carbs low and energy and protein intake high for several hours or even more after exercise.
The bottom line is that the key to maximizing body composition, and to increase performance in fat adapted athletes is to keep carbs low and energy and protein intake high for several hours or even more after exercise.
נראה כאילו יש קשר הפוך (ותלוי תזמון) בין מילוי/פיצוי יסף של גליקוגן אחרי אימון לבין רגישות לאינסולין ושאר תופעות חיוביות שקורות בשעות שאחרי האימון. כנראה קשור גם לעוד כמה דברים שכבר ידענו, כמו שפחמימות מכניסות חומצות אמינו אל תוך התא, מה שגורם לדילול שלהן בדם וכתוצאה גירוי מופחת של הקולטנים בהתאם.
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הפעם אין יותר מדי מחקרים על עכברים 😛
and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.
2003;284(2):E241-58---------- התגובה התווספה ב 14:28 ---------- התגובה הקודמת הייתה ב 14:28 ----------
הפעם אין יותר מדי מחקרים על עכברים 😛
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