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Iron and the female athlete: a review of dietary treatment methods for improving iron status and exercise performance
Ieva Alaunyte12, Valentina Stojceska134* and Andrew Plunkett1
* Corresponding author: Valentina Stojceska [email protected]
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Tourism Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M14 6HR, UK
2 Liverpool Hope University, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
3 Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK
4 Brunel University London, Institute of Energy Futures, RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains (CSEF), Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK
Received: 18 May 2015
Accepted: 29 September 2015
Published: 6 October 2015
Abstract
Iron is a functional component of oxygen transport and energy production in humans and therefore is a critically important micronutrient for sport and exercise performance. Athletes, particularly female athletes participating in endurance sport, are at increased risk of compromised iron status due to heightened iron losses through menstruation and exercise-induced mechanisms associated with endurance activity. Conventionally oral iron supplementation is used in prevention or/and treatment of iron deficiency. However, this approach has been criticised because of the side effects and increased risk of iron toxicity associated with the use of supplements. Thus, more recently there has been a growing interest in using dietary modification rather than the use of supplements to improve iron status of athletes. Dietary iron treatment methods include the prescription of an iron-rich diet, or/and haem iron-based diet, dietary advice counselling and inclusion of novel iron-rich products into the daily diet. Although studies using dietary modification are still scarce, current literature suggests that dietary iron interventions can assist in maintaining iron status in female athletes, especially during intensive training and competition. Future research should focus on the most efficient method(s) of dietary modification for improvement of iron status and whether these approaches can have a favourable impact on sports and exercise performance.
Ieva Alaunyte12, Valentina Stojceska134* and Andrew Plunkett1
* Corresponding author: Valentina Stojceska [email protected]
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Tourism Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M14 6HR, UK
2 Liverpool Hope University, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
3 Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK
4 Brunel University London, Institute of Energy Futures, RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains (CSEF), Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middlesex, UK
Received: 18 May 2015
Accepted: 29 September 2015
Published: 6 October 2015
Abstract
Iron is a functional component of oxygen transport and energy production in humans and therefore is a critically important micronutrient for sport and exercise performance. Athletes, particularly female athletes participating in endurance sport, are at increased risk of compromised iron status due to heightened iron losses through menstruation and exercise-induced mechanisms associated with endurance activity. Conventionally oral iron supplementation is used in prevention or/and treatment of iron deficiency. However, this approach has been criticised because of the side effects and increased risk of iron toxicity associated with the use of supplements. Thus, more recently there has been a growing interest in using dietary modification rather than the use of supplements to improve iron status of athletes. Dietary iron treatment methods include the prescription of an iron-rich diet, or/and haem iron-based diet, dietary advice counselling and inclusion of novel iron-rich products into the daily diet. Although studies using dietary modification are still scarce, current literature suggests that dietary iron interventions can assist in maintaining iron status in female athletes, especially during intensive training and competition. Future research should focus on the most efficient method(s) of dietary modification for improvement of iron status and whether these approaches can have a favourable impact on sports and exercise performance.
http://www.jissn.com/content/pdf/s12970-015-0099-2.pdf
