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Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial1,2,3
Caitlin Mason, Liren Xiao, Ikuyo Imayama, Catherine Duggan, Ching-Yun Wang, Larissa Korde, and Anne McTiernan
+ Author Affiliations
1From the Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (CM, LX, II, CD, C-YW, LK, and AM), and the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (AM), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (C-YW), and the Department of Medicine (LK), University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
↵2 Supported by Susan G. Komen for the Cure Scientific Advisory Council Award 2010-12, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) R03 CA162482-01, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
↵3 Address correspondence to A McTiernan, Division of Public Health Sciences, Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B874, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109. E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity; whether repletion supports weight loss and changes obesity-related biomarkers is unknown.
Objective: We compared 12 mo of vitamin D3 supplementation with placebo on weight, body composition, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in postmenopausal women in a weight-loss intervention.
Design: A total of 218 overweight/obese women (50–75 y of age) with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≥10 ng/mL but <32 ng/mL were randomly assigned to weight loss + 2000 IU oral vitamin D3/d or weight loss + daily placebo. The weight-loss intervention included a reduced-calorie diet (10% weight loss goal) and 225 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity. Mean 12-mo changes in weight, body composition, serum insulin, CRP, and 25(OH)D were compared between groups (intent-to-treat) by using generalized estimating equations.
Results: A total of 86% of participants completed the 12-mo measurements. The mean (95% CI) change in 25(OH)D was 13.6 (11.6, 15.4) ng/mL in the vitamin D3 arm compared with −1.3 (−2.6, −0.3) ng/mL in the placebo arm (P < 0.0001). Changes in weight [−7.1 (−8.7, −5.7) compared with –7.4 (−8.1, −5.4) kg], body mass index (in kg/m2: both −2.8), waist circumference [−4.9 (−6.7, −2.9) compared with −4.5 (−5.6, −2.6) cm], percentage body fat [−4.1 (−4.9, −2.9) compared with −3.5 (−4.5, −2.5)], trunk fat [−4.1 (−4.7, −3.0) compared with −3.7 (−4.3, −2.9) kg], insulin [−2.5 (−3.4, −1.7) compared with −2.4 (−3.3, −1.4) μU/mL], and CRP [−0.9 (−1.2, −0.6) compared with −0.79 (−0.9, −0.4) mg/mL] were similar between groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with women who achieved 25(OH)D <32 ng/mL, women randomly assigned to vitamin D who became replete (ie, 25(OH)D ≥32 ng/mL) lost more weight [−8.8 (−11.1, −6.9) compared with −5.6 (−7.2, −5.0) kg; P = 0.05], waist circumference [−6.6 (−9.3, −4.3) compared with −2.5 (−4.6, −2.0) cm; P = 0.02], and percentage body fat [−4.7 (−6.1, −3.5) compared with −2.6 (−3.9, −2.2); P = 0.04]. Among women with complete pill counts (97% adherence), the mean decrease in CRP was 1.18 mg/mL (46%) in the vitamin D arm compared with 0.46 mg/mL (25%) in the placebo arm (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo; however, women who became replete experienced greater improvements.
Caitlin Mason, Liren Xiao, Ikuyo Imayama, Catherine Duggan, Ching-Yun Wang, Larissa Korde, and Anne McTiernan
+ Author Affiliations
1From the Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (CM, LX, II, CD, C-YW, LK, and AM), and the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (AM), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (C-YW), and the Department of Medicine (LK), University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
↵2 Supported by Susan G. Komen for the Cure Scientific Advisory Council Award 2010-12, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) R03 CA162482-01, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
↵3 Address correspondence to A McTiernan, Division of Public Health Sciences, Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B874, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109. E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity; whether repletion supports weight loss and changes obesity-related biomarkers is unknown.
Objective: We compared 12 mo of vitamin D3 supplementation with placebo on weight, body composition, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in postmenopausal women in a weight-loss intervention.
Design: A total of 218 overweight/obese women (50–75 y of age) with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≥10 ng/mL but <32 ng/mL were randomly assigned to weight loss + 2000 IU oral vitamin D3/d or weight loss + daily placebo. The weight-loss intervention included a reduced-calorie diet (10% weight loss goal) and 225 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity. Mean 12-mo changes in weight, body composition, serum insulin, CRP, and 25(OH)D were compared between groups (intent-to-treat) by using generalized estimating equations.
Results: A total of 86% of participants completed the 12-mo measurements. The mean (95% CI) change in 25(OH)D was 13.6 (11.6, 15.4) ng/mL in the vitamin D3 arm compared with −1.3 (−2.6, −0.3) ng/mL in the placebo arm (P < 0.0001). Changes in weight [−7.1 (−8.7, −5.7) compared with –7.4 (−8.1, −5.4) kg], body mass index (in kg/m2: both −2.8), waist circumference [−4.9 (−6.7, −2.9) compared with −4.5 (−5.6, −2.6) cm], percentage body fat [−4.1 (−4.9, −2.9) compared with −3.5 (−4.5, −2.5)], trunk fat [−4.1 (−4.7, −3.0) compared with −3.7 (−4.3, −2.9) kg], insulin [−2.5 (−3.4, −1.7) compared with −2.4 (−3.3, −1.4) μU/mL], and CRP [−0.9 (−1.2, −0.6) compared with −0.79 (−0.9, −0.4) mg/mL] were similar between groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with women who achieved 25(OH)D <32 ng/mL, women randomly assigned to vitamin D who became replete (ie, 25(OH)D ≥32 ng/mL) lost more weight [−8.8 (−11.1, −6.9) compared with −5.6 (−7.2, −5.0) kg; P = 0.05], waist circumference [−6.6 (−9.3, −4.3) compared with −2.5 (−4.6, −2.0) cm; P = 0.02], and percentage body fat [−4.7 (−6.1, −3.5) compared with −2.6 (−3.9, −2.2); P = 0.04]. Among women with complete pill counts (97% adherence), the mean decrease in CRP was 1.18 mg/mL (46%) in the vitamin D arm compared with 0.46 mg/mL (25%) in the placebo arm (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo; however, women who became replete experienced greater improvements.
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